Unfortunately, this is not a simple question to answer. There are a lot of variables that cause perceptibly poor performance. We've found that user count isn't really a helpful metric for sizing by itself, though.
I'd first start with the Jira Sizing Guide. There is a lot of useful information there. It doesn't directly apply to Data Center, but you can get some ideas what it would take for Server.
If we were implementing Data Center for you, we would start by doing an analysis of your current usage (assuming you are using Jira now.) If you have a lot of REST API traffic, we would scale things differently than if you do not. If you have a lot of Projects that have their own dedicated Schemes would cause things to be scaled differently than if you have a lot of Projects that share Schemes. The number of 3rd party Apps and which ones you use also has an impact.
Once we completed the analysis, we would build a proof of concept (POC) and validate that everything is operating properly. From there, we would load a copy of your production data and then do performance testing against your data. This typically would lead to some JVM tuning, possibly changing the amount of CPU or memory on each application server node, possible database changes, addition or subtraction of application server nodes, etc. Once we are satisfied that the environment can handle the load of your users, we would schedule a downtime to release to production.
Data Center is not inexpensive and the reason most people move to Data Center is to improve performance and availability. If you don't deliver on that, it's not a good look, at minimum. I'd recommend taking a conservative approach and fully testing the environment, then tuning for your infrastructure and data before releasing for users to work with. We do a lot of these installations and every one is a bit different.
To add to that, I know of places that have moved to DC when they're headed over 6,000 users and some places using a single node (i.e. "Server") with 50,000 users.
As Dave says, it absolutely depends on your specific needs, and number of users is only one factor to consider!
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