Technically, all of those are of a "type" given by their name already! The code behind them defines them all explicitly. So "project" is a "project" type field, "created" is a "created" type field and so-on.
You can compare them to custom field types in terms of how they behave though:
Project, issue type, priority and security level appear to work as select-lists. So does status but it's important to understand that status is not a field, it's a display of an issue's position in the workflow.
Summary is short text, a single line, Description and Environment are long text, you can load them with as much text as you want.
Created and updated are read-only date/time fields, calculated for you
Reporter and assignee work as user pickers, with the selection options controlled by permissions
Components, fix versions and affects versions all work as though they are a multi-select field, with their options defined in the project settings, rather than as options in the field config
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